Ap chemistry equilibrium practice frq. 1 / 11. 2019 AP Exam Administration: Student Samples & Commentary. b) Assume that the initial partial pressures of the gases are as follows: The AP chemistry exam is a two-part exam designed to take about three hours. 40 M HF(aq) solution. (c) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (either Kp or Kc) for the decomposition of SO2Cl2(g) at 375K. 4. 00 . (a) The student tests the electrical conductivity of each solid and observes that neither solid conducts electricity. 6 Weak Acids. 0592 0. AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions 2003 Answer the following questions that relate to the chemistry of nitrogen. After the solid is dissolved, fill the flask to the calibration ( 200. AP Central is the online home for AP teachers: apcentral. Equilibrium Practice FRQ Practice C(s) + CO2(g) ←→ 2 CO(g) 1. Each free AP Chemistry Practice Test consists of 10 to 12 AP Chemistry questions; think of each practice test as being a quiz that can help you hone your skills. AP Chemistry is an introductory college-level chemistry course. You will have 90 minutes to complete this section. Explain this decrease in total pressure in terms of what occurs at the molecular level. 16 OWL Due 3/26 by 11:55 pm. F) given a balanced gas-phase reaction. Justify your choice in terms of atomic structure. 3 × − 5 10 ) =. Swirl to dissolve the solid. three points A buffer solution resists changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. Why? A. · B) the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Predicting Precipitates with Ksp Problems. K = − log(6. O(l). 2008 AP' CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS CHEMISTRY Part B Time —40 minutes NO CALCULATORS MAY BE USED FOR PART B. NaOCl. Bonding, Lewis Structure, and Molecular Geometry. The equilibrium is represented by the equation above. 350 atm at equilibrium. 00 mL ) mark and mix. , , and are at equilibrium at a different temperature in a different vessel. -5-CHEMISTRY . 04 atm. Part (e) asked students to write a K p expression (TRA-7. Atomic Structure and Periodicity. Introduce: AP Chemistry Knowledge Review: Equilibrium Free-Response Practice Questions. (c) Provide a molecular explanation for the dependence of the rate of the forward reaction on the concentrations of the reactants. Bond. B) Urea has a high solubility in water, due in part to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Answer Keys: Day 8. Question. 2 MNaOCl solution at 298 K. Created Date. 2017 AP® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS. Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were placed in a rigid 2. ii) Answer the following questions relating to the chemistry of the halogens. Jul 17, 2023 · Unit 1 Review: A review of all important topics in Unit 1. Question: For the reaction CO (g) + 2H2 (g) ⇌ CH3OH NMSI Study guides. The value of Kb for NH3(aq) is 1. Electrochemistry - REdox and Galvanic cells. Determine the pH of the solution in beaker 1. collegeboard. As with many FRQ questions, there is also a bit of review mixed into the problems such as resonance structures, beer's law, and gravimetric analysis. Mar 1, 2022 · One liter of water will solubilize 2. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. (a) Determine the oxidation number of Cl in. Basic; the only ion present at equilibrium is the conjugate base. The partial pressure of \(CH_3OH(g)\) is very small but is not zero. Feb 24, 2021 · Summary: The Best AP® Chemistry Review Guide. The addition of a reactant will cause the reaction to shift to the right, increasing the equilibirum concentration of the AP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS – ACIDS/BASES 1997 A The overall dissociation of oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 O 4, is represented below. Assume that volumes are additive. AP CHEM Equilibrium Quiz #1. The second part of the exam is the free-response section. Swirl to dissolve the solid. This is impossible to determine without knowing the total volume of the solution. 73 V, which is the minimum voltage needed for electrolysis to occur. We have covered a lot in this AP® Chemistry review guide, so let’s regroup and summarize: Exam Structure: The exam will take 3 hours and 15 minutes to complete and is composed of a 90-minute AP® Chemistry multiple choice section and a 105-minute free-response section: 2. 47 kJ correct answer with units. Solubility Product Constant problems. 7 Questions . • students are now allowed 10 minutes to answer question 1, after which they must seal that portion of the test. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. MgF2(s) p Mg2+(aq) + 2 F−(aq) In a saturated solution of MgF2 at 18°C, the concentration of Mg2+ is 1. If question comes up about free energy → ∆G = -RTlnKp. 100 MNaOH(aq) the student should add to. Draw ONE dashed line to indicate a possible location of a 2004 Free Response – Form B 1. 70 g of bromine are placed in a 1. (d) Provide a molecular explanation for the dependence of the rate of the forward reaction on temperature. 00 MHNO2(aq). Partially fill the volumetric flask with some distilled water. (c) When the temperature in the vessel is decreased, does the equilibrium shift to the right, Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1994 Free Response Question 1) MgF2(s) <===> Mg 2+(aq) + 2 F¯(aq) In a saturated solution of MgF2 at 18° C, the concentration of Mg 2+ is 1. 000 Correct answer: Increase the amount of species A. One of the reactions in the investigation requires an equimolar mixture of NO (g) and NO2(g) , which the student produces by using the reaction represented above. AP Chemistry Free Response. 13 x 10 -2 moles of lead bromide. Explain what the magnitude of K eq tells you about the extent of the reaction. A) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the carbon atom in the urea molecule. Star level: ★★★★☆. You will be able to use a calculator and the formula sheets provided to Jan 29, 2023 · AP Chemistry Unit 7: Equilibrium. C. 5 Free Energy and Equilibrium - Exam Style questions with Answer- FRQ prepared by AP Chemistry Teachers (c) The final pressure would be equal to 1. If the initial concentrations of A and B are both 0. R = 8. teacher resources; exam resources; exam information; scoring information; score rationale; Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary from the 2019 Exam Administration; ADA. LeChatelier's Principle Guided Inquiry Lab. 40 M NaOH(aq) is added to 25 mL of 0. Write your answer in scientific notation using two significant figures. 2019 AP ® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. A student is studying the properties of CaSO 4 and PbSO 4. Class: Announcements; Quiz Results; Ksp Marathon; Equilibrium FRQ's #1 and #2. 100 MHNO2(aq) to make a buffer solution with a pH of 3. In addition to the AP Chemistry Practice Tests and AP Chemistry tutoring, you may also want to consider taking some of our AP Chemistry Diagnostic Tests. 📚Read these Fiveable study guides: ️ Practice: 2019 FRQ: Number 5 from the 2019 AP Chemistry exam tests students on photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermochemistry. Therefore there are more COCl 2 molecules. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. 2018 FRQ: Number 3, Parts (a)- (c) test students on electron configurations and periodic trends. (b) When the system has come to equilibrium at 375K, the total pressure in the bulb is found to be 1. each of the three gases changed as equilibrium was established. (a) (c) Write the equilibrium expression for the equilib-rium constant, KP, and calculate its value for the reaction under the conditions in (a). AP Chemistry Practice Test 15: Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Titrations, and Solubility. For the correct step to ensure quantitative dilution: 5. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. 2018 AP ® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. (b) A student injects N2(g) and O2(g) into a previously evacuated, rigid vessel and AP Chemistry: Chemical Equilibrium Practice Test; Dr. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. File type: PDF. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part. Explanation: According to Le Chatelier's principle, any changes in concentration or pressure to a system at equilibrium will cause the system to readjust to a new equilbrium. Add the weighed AgNO 3( s ) to the volumetric flask. 11 and passes through the p K a calculated in part (g) at 5 mL . Misconceptions about Chemical Equilibrium. (ii) Determine the value of Hsoln for LiCl in kJ/molrxn. H. 1. 0322 mol of NO and 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like At equilibrium, the amounts of the reactants and products do not change. 034 M. 2 NO (g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) A student investigates the reactions of nitrogen oxides. Keywords. Equilibrium Constant Practice Problems. Therefore, weak acids are in equilibrium: HA(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A–(aq) Or: HA(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + A–(aq) We can write an equilibrium constant expression for this dissociation: In this AP Daily: Live Review session for AP Chemistry, we will review key equilibrium concepts and relationships. Basic; the higher concentration of the base is the determining factor. The large value of \(K_p\) means that the partial pressure of the limiting reactant at equilibrium will be extremely small, but some \(CH_3OH \)molecules must exist for the system to be in dynamic equilibrium. However, the question was for 500 mL of water. 21 × 10−3 molar. Step 1: C2H4(g) + HCl(g) 1983. Total for part (c) (d) For a drawing that shows product formation and indicates the conservation of matter: 1 point. Specifically, equilibrium constants and ex Instead, an equilibrium condition has been achieved and there must be some solid \(CaCO_3\) in the container. 2004 Free Response – Form B 1. Neutral; equal moles of both acid and base are present. (1 point) e. Part (a) of this question required students to apply the concepts of stoichiometry (Learning Objective SPQ-4. (b) Give the initial rate law for the forward reaction. Section I: Multiple Choice. Gas Laws. 6°C 15. (a) Two nitrogen atoms combine to form a nitrogen molecule, as represented by the following equation. mL of 1. At high temperatures, N 2(g) and O 2(g) can react to produce nitrogen monoxide, NO(g), as represented by the equation above. (c) The final pressure would be equal to 1. The first question in the 1991 AP Chemistry free response section focuses on analyzing reaction rates. 2009 AP®CHEMISTRY FREE Solubility equilibria. Part (a) required students to interpret a particulate-level diagram that illustrates a dissociation of Sr(OH)2 into its ions. 8 x 10 -3 at a certain temperature. Answer Keys: Equilibrium FRQ #1_ANS KEY; Equilibrium FRQ #2_ANS KEY Then, as the reaction proceeds at 450 K, the total pressure decreases. Introduce:. Circle the formula of the molecule that has the longest bond length. 10 M, and the initial concentration of C is 0 M, what is the equilibrium concentration of C? Answer: [C] = 0. Pressure had to be in atm. Calculate the number of moles of H2O(g) present at equilibrium. It consists of seven questions–three long and four short–that you will have 105 minutes to answer. Time—1 hour and 45 minutes . C) the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. E) the limiting reagent has been consumed. (b) Calculate the number of grams of Na 2 S 2 O 3 needed to prepare. . 31 J/mol K. There are some great online resources available for AP Chemistry free response questions. Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1997 Free Response (and Answers) • Question 1 is question 4 in previous years, question 2 is question 1 in previous years and questions 3&4 are questions 2&3 in previous years. Acidic; the strong acid dissociates more than the weak base. The equilibrium constant will always be the same 16. Equilibrium AP-style MCQ practice. 0 mL of NaOH solution has been added. point is earned for the number of moles of LiCl. 100. Section II on the AP Chemistry exam will follow a particular format. Click the card to flip 👆. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. 0°C) 1 point is earned for the correct setup. IMFs and condensed states of matter. For each of the following statements, determine whether the statement is true or false. D) the value of the equilibrium constant is 1. A scientific or graphing calculator is recommended on both sections of the exam. Calculate the molar solubility of SrF A 2 ( s) in 0. Section II . Author. 2 N(g) N2(g) Using the table of average bond energies below, determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction. If the formic acid were replaced with a strong acid such as HCl at the 7. Each solution is at 25°C. AP Chemistry Equilibrium - Practice Free Response Except CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g) « H 2 O(g) + CO(g) When H 2 (g) is mixed with CO 2 (g) at 2,000 K, equilibrium is achieved according to the equation above. B, 5. An ICE table (initial, change, and equilibrium) An assumption (if applicable → aka if Kc is small) With the assumption you'd also have to check if the answer is under 5%. (a) Write the expression for the solubility-product constant, Ksp, and calculate its value at 18° C. (i) Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the hydrolysis reaction that occurs between OCl-(aq) and H. i) The pH of a solution prepared by mixing the 50. 00 L container, and the reaction represented above occurred. You will begin this section after you have completed and turned in your multiple-choice scan sheet. Two "long" or at least "long-ish" AP-style free response questions involving Unit 7- equilibrium. Write your response in the space provided following each question. Electron flow should be indicated only in a counter-clockwise direction in the external circuit, from the Cl2 anode to the Mg cathode. At equilibrium (t 7 , t 8 , t 9 ) the partial pressure of COCl 2 is greater than the reactants. 00 L reaction vessel and sealed, the mixture reacts and the following equilibrium is established: 2NO (g) + Br 2 (g) ⇌ 2NOBr (g) At 25. Question: For the reaction 2A (g) + B (g) ⇌ 3C (g), the equilibrium constant (Kc) is 1. The first section has 60 multiple-choice questions. 5: 3/25 & 3/26. Explain your answer. A) all chemical reactions have ceased. As the reaction shifts toward the reactant, the amount of \(CO_2\)(g) in the Unit 5 Test Study Guide December 13th, 2021 (MCQ) and 14th (FRQ) Equilibrium Most reactions are reversible; they go forward to create products, but also reverse to recreate reactants The concentrations of all the reactants and products remain constant and are not equal The concentrations are rarely equal at equilibrium The rates of the forward and reverse reaction are equal Dynamic Equilibrium Real AP Past Papers with Multiple-Choice Questions. 0 °C the equilibrium of nitrosyl bromide is 0. , The equilibrium position depends on the initial concentrations, but the equilibrium constant does not. CHEMISTRY. Calculate the value of the The AP chemistry exam is a two-part exam designed to take about three hours. Equilibrium was reached in both experiments; the equilibrium pressure at this temperature is 1. 21 x 10¯3 molar. 1 point is earned for the = 9,470 J = 9. Or mix a weak base + a salt of a weak base. 3. Category: AP Chemistry Downloads. 050 M KF ( a q) at 25 ° C . D). 1a 2 marks. Course Overview. 8 × 10−5 at 25°C. 20. 18 J/(g·°C))(35. Link: download link. 438 atm. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 7 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. 50. A student performs an experiment to determine the value of the enthalpy change, D H D rxn, for the. As the reaction proceeded, the total pressure in the container was monitored. AP Chemistry AP FRQ Practice d. The student has samples of both compounds, which are white powders. HF(aq) reacts with NaOH(aq) according to the reaction represented below. Composition stoichiometry. H 2 C 2 O 4 ↔ 2 H + 2+ C 2 O 4 – K = 3. FRQ Types on the AP Chemistry Exam. Notes: Homework: Acid Base Video Lesson 1; Work on Exam Review. Or mix a weak acid with about half as many moles of strong base. When equilibrium was reached, there was still some C(s) remaining in Question 7 presented students with a set of questions surrounding the solubility equilibrium for strontium hydroxide. For the correct answer: 1 point. For each of the following three reactions, in part (i) write a balanced equation for the reaction and in part (ii) Each of three beakers contains 25. In beaker 2, the reaction NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ̈ Æ NH4 +(aq) + OH−(aq) occurs. Kinetics - rates and mechanisms. At equilibrium, _____. So, we need to divide the value we got by half, which gives us 1. It is proposed that the formation of C2H5Cl(g) proceeds via the following two-step reaction mechanism. (d) A second student makes a buffer by dissolving 0. Justify your answer. 100 mol of NaNO2(s) in 100. 0 mL sample of 0. (h) For a curve that shows a correct starting and half-equivalence point, consistent with part (g): The curve starts at pH ≈ 3. until after equilibrium has been firmly established. 400–molar NaOH is required to neutralize completely a 5. The FRQs will cover concepts and topics from all of the big ideas taught in AP Chemistry. 0M NaI (aq), is the maximum possible concentration of Pb2+ (aq) in the solution greater than, less than, or equal to the concentration of Pb2+ (aq) in the solution in part a? The final pressure of HCl(g) is 0. Answer the following questions that relate to the chemistry of nitrogen. mL of 0. b) Assume that the initial partial pressures of the gases are as follows: May 16, 2017 · The free-response section of the AP Chemistry test can be daunting. AP Chemistry Practice Exams Free Response Notes Videos Study Guides. Weak acids are only partially ionized in aqueous solution. Overview. Preparation: Mix a weak acid + a salt of a weak acid. AP® CHEMISTRY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 (continued) (d) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, K eq, for the cell reaction at 25°C. a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction. Step 2: Dive into the question. In this AP Daily: Live Review session for AP Chemistry, we will review key equilibrium concepts and relationships. B. Kp = Kc (RT)∧∆n → ∆n is the change in the number of moles in the reaction (coefficients of products-reactants) → if ∆n=0 then Kp = Kc. 87 a) two points SrSO 4(s) <===> Sr(aq) 2+ + SO 4 2¯(aq) AP ® is a registered Class: Unit 8 Test. Model Answers. , 1. It is suggested that you spend 7 minutes on each short questions and 25 minutes on each long question. 0 g)(4. 40. F from the AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description) to calculate the mass in grams of Cl(g Title. See example response below. Chapter 15 Outline. Submit. Subject. (b) For the correct answer and calculated value: No, because 2. 100 M solution of HCl, NH3, or NH4Cl, as shown above. 43 atmospheres. (b) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Mg2+ in 1. College Board. (ii) Determine the volume, in mL, of 0. As the reaction shifts toward the reactant, the amount of \(CO_2\)(g) in the container will decrease until the pressure returns to 1. This test contains 11 AP chemistry practice questions with detailed explanations, to be completed in 17 minutes. What steps are expected in an equilibrium question? Click the card to flip 👆. The equivalence point is reached when 25. Students cultivate their understanding of chemistry through inquiry-based lab investigations as they explore the four Big Ideas: scale, proportion, and quantity; structure and properties of substances; transformations; and energy. In each case, explain the reasoning that supports your answer. Only for ideal gases. 7x10^-9 = 4S^3. 0 V is less than 3. HF(aq) + OH (aq) o H2O(l) + F (aq) A volume of 15 mL of 0. 1 point. . The overall dissociation constant is also indicated. Problem #1: When 0. Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher. C(s) + CO2(g) 2 CO(g) ←. Br2. File size: 1 MB. Check out prior year questions and get tips and strategies for this portion of the exam. The particle-level representation of the equimolar mixture of NO AP* Buffer Equilibrium Free Response Questions page 4 (c) After the NaOH solution has been standardized, it is used to titrate a weak monoprotic acid, HX. View Answer. (b) How many grams of the original solid remain in the container under the conditions described in. oxidation-reduction reaction represented by the balanced equation above. Utilizing the K p expression determined in part (e), students were provided the equilibrium partial AP Chemistry: Equilibrium Free-Response Practice Questions. AP® Chemistry Sample Student Responses. , The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is the reciprocal of that for the forward reaction. Kp = Pproducts/Preactants. com. Kinetics – Free Response Sample Questions 2005 B Answer the following questions related to the kinetics of chemical reactions. 2. b) If PbI2 (s) is dissolved in 1. Answer Question 4 below. q = mc T = (110. In this question, students are asked to compare the initial rates of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid at different concentrations. 78×10–6 (a) What volume of 0. 00 10–3–mole sample of pure Equilibrium Problems - Advanced Placement level. at equilibrium based on the mole fraction of each component of the gas mixture and the total pressure of the mixture at equilibrium. The Section Il score weighting for this question is 10 percent. AP Chemistry Knowledge Review: Electrochemistry Free-Response Practice Questions. A, 5. 5 × 1060 Because the magnitude of K eq is very large, the a) Write a mathematical expression that can be used to determine the value of S, the molar solubility of PbI2 (s). 0592 nE K × == = Keq = 6. Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) x 2 NH3(g) For the reaction represented above, the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp is 3. YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. Description. b(iii) Agree. (iii) Calculate the value of [OH-] in the 1. Calculate the partial pres-sures of SO2, Cl2, and SO2Cl2 at equilibrium at 375K. aq) to the HNO2(aq). D. Here's a review of how to solve free-response questions: Step 1: Figure out what you know. Practice Online AP Chemistry: 9. A, Skill 5. 1c 1 mark. At equilibrium, the container holds the most molecules of which gas, Cl 2 (g) or COCl 2 (g). page 4 (a) Two nitrogen atoms combine to form a nitrogen molecule, as represented by the following equation. We determined that there are many factors such as concentration and temperature that can increase or decrease the rate of a reaction. High School Replace your patchwork of digital curriculum and bring the world's most comprehensive practice resources to all subjects and grade levels. The last four FRQs are short questions worth 4 points each. In the space provided at the right, sketch the titration curve, showing the pH O(l) Æ HOCl(aq) + OH−(aq) occurs. Equilibrium Assignment Sheet. Specifically, equilibrium constants and ex Include units with your answer. Write down any data that's included in the question. Temperature has to be in Kelvin. 26 x 10 -2 moles of lead bromide. In Unit 5, we brought up the idea of kinetics, the study of the rate of a reaction. AP* Solubility Equilibrium Free Response Questions 1985 Average score = 2. (ii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 298 K for the hydrolysis reaction. May 6, 2024 · The AP Chemistry Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Students were expected to make a claim about how the ratio of Sr2+ and in the diagram is incorrectly Calculate the molar concentration of H3O+ in a 0. Bond Prepare your students for success with meticulously researched ELA, math, and science practice for grades 5-8. Notes: Homework: Equilibrium Study Guide; Ch. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 20 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. This method can be used to solve for the molar quantity of a compound which can dissolve in water. 3 × 10 − 9 . Return to Equilibrium menu. A urea molecule and four water molecules are represented in the box below. 20 M CH3CH2COOH with a 50. Question 2 presented students with a series of chemical reactions involving aluminum, chlorine, and the compound AlCl3. 20 M NaOH is 7. Question 1: Analyzing the Reaction Rates. The first three FRQs are long questions worth 10 points each. (a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp , for the forward reaction. 0 mL of a 0. Equilibrium Problem Set. 2 N(g) N2(g) Using the table of average bond energies below, determine the enthalpy change, AH, for the reaction. There is a mixture of ions and un-ionized acid in solution. 60 Questions | 1 Hour 30 minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Downloads:. (SAP-7. At 25 ° C , the value of K s p for SrF A 2 ( s) is 4. I– (aq) + ClO– (aq) O H– o IO – (aq) + Cl– (aq) Iodide ion, I–, is oxidized to hypoiodite ion, IO–, by hypochlorite, ClO–, in basic solution according to the equation above. 1 × 10-4 at 700 K. 72 log 61 eq 0. In unit 7, which focuses on a new topic called equilibrium, we’ll look at the rate of a Most of these questions look intimidating, but they're manageable if you take them one step at a time and break them down into smaller chunks. When equilibrium was reached, there was still some C(s) remaining in the container. (a) The molecular formulas of diatomic bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine are written below. pubjpyuljysepormpdsa
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